Arduino/Arduino2AVR

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Arduino -> AVR HOWTO

This is an (incomplete) guide to how to map from Arduino source code to avr-gcc source code. It's been written to map this this direction, but can be used to understand how to go the other direction as well.

Step 1: Setup project

  • Copy Makefile from some other project
    • NB! Make sure DEVICE and SERIAL are correctly set
  • Copy the <MyProject.pde> file to main.cpp

Step 2: Edit main.cpp

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>

<insert .pde code here>

int main(void)
{
  cli();

  // set a2d reference to AVCC (5 volts)
  ADMUX &= ~(1<<REFS1);
	ADMUX |= (1<<REFS0);

	// set a2d prescale factor to 128
	// 16 MHz / 128 = 125 KHz, inside the desired 50-200 KHz range.
	// FIXME: this will not work properly for other clock speeds, and
	// this code should use F_CPU to determine the prescale factor.
  ADCSRA |= (1<<ADPS2)|(1<<ADPS1)|(1<<ADPS0)|
  // enable a2d conversions
  (1<<ADEN);

  setup();
  sei();

  while (1) {
    loop();
  }
		
  return 0;
}

Step 3: Port code away from Arduino

Arduino AVR Notes
byte uint8_t
Serial.begin(<baud>) uart_init(<baud>)
Serial.print*() printf()
Serial.available() getchar() NB! blocking
pinMode(pin, INPUT) DDRx &= ~_BV(bit); // For I/O pins, convert pin to port+bit
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT) = _BV(bit);
digitalWrite(pin, LOW) PORTx &= ~_BV(bit);
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH) = _BV(bit);
digitalRead(pin) (PINx & _BV(bit)) >> bit;
delay(ms) _delay_ms(ms) max delay is 262.14 ms / F_CPU in MHz. (16Mhz -> 16 ms)
delayMicroseconds(us) _delay_us(us) max delay is 768 us / F_CPU in MHz. (16Mhz -> 48 us)
millis() Must be rewritten or implemented using a timer

Misc. Notes

Address of I/O register: _SFR_IO_ADDR(PORTB)

(e.g. #define _SFR_IO_ADDR(sfr) (sfr - 0x20))

Read contents of I/O register: _SFR_IO8(register) // register = 00-3f

(e.g. #define PORTB _SFR_IO8(0x18))
      #define _SFR_IO8(io_addr) (io_addr + 0x20)

Arduino pins to AVR port+bit

digital
0 PORTD,0
1 PORTD,1
2 PORTD,2
3 PORTD,3
4 PORTD,4
5 PORTD,5
6 PORTD,6
7 PORTD,7
8 PORTB,0
9 PORTB,1
10 PORTB,2
11 PORTB,3
12 PORTB,4
13 PORTB,5
analog
0 PORTC,0
1 PORTC,1
2 PORTC,2
3 PORTC,3
4 PORTC,4
5 PORTC,5