CNC-Fräse: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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(more infos for setup from scratch)
(107 dazwischenliegende Versionen von 4 Benutzern werden nicht angezeigt)
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{{Maschinenring}}
 
{{Maschinenring}}
 
{{Languages|en}}
 
{{Languages|en}}
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{{Machine
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|image=CNC_Front_20140827.jpeg
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|owner=Metalab, some Parts of the machine are held private
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|status=Aktiv
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|requirestraining=Ja
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|requiresauth=Nein
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|teachers=[https://lists.metalab.at/mailman/listinfo/cnc CNC Mailing List]
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}}
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<span style="color: red;">'''WARNING:''' Do not use this machine if you have not had an official introduction to the workflow of this specific machine. It is quite complex and working with this device can easily result in a visit to the hospital...</span>
  
For projects results of this machine, please visit http://geilomat.soup.io/
+
= CNC aka the Geil-o-Mat =
  
<span style="color: red;">'''WARNING:''' The machine-specific information on this page is probably outdated! We have a new spindle, which has very different properties.</span>
+
'''What is it?''' It is a CNC ([http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_Numerical_Control Computerized Numeric Control]) Machine, which is located in the Heavy Machinery Department of the Metalab.
  
== Introduction ==
+
Technical Outline:
 +
* '''Spindle speed''': 6000 - 24000 min^-1
 +
* '''Tool Size''': 1mm up to 8mm shank, also 1/8" shanks
 +
* '''Maximum step speed''': 2000 mm*min^-1 (3600mm*min^-1 for G0, z-axis max 1200mm*min^-1)
 +
* '''Maximum Workpiece Dimension''': about 725mm * 395mm (X*Y). The height depends on your workpiece, millhead and where do you fix it!
 +
* '''Cooling''': Air (or liquids by hand)
 +
* '''Clamping''': Various - depends on your job
 +
* '''Software''': Runs via [http://www.linuxcnc.org/ LinuxCNC] (an Open Source CNC Software)
 +
* '''Materials''': wood, PCBs, plastics, (millable) aluminium (with precaution!); '''NO''' steel (never ever)!
  
A CNC mill like the dear Geil-O-Mat has three axis that can be moved independently. A spindle with a [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4swerkzeug mill cutter] typically removes material.
+
For projects results of this machine, please visit http://geilomat.soup.io/
[[Bild:geilomat.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Some pink work in progress...]]
 
 
 
Each axis is driven by one (Y and Z) or two (X) stepper motors. Basically, theses motors can only rotate in 1.8 degree steps, and hence no secondary encoder is needed for the machine knowing its current location. By a trick called "microstepping", currently the resolution is increased to 1/8 of 1.8 degrees.
 
As the stepper leads in to a "Zwillings-Trapezgewindespindel", the rotation is transformed into linear motion, one revolution= 6mm.
 
Warning: If there is too much force for the motor to move one step, it skips the step, typically failing also in subsequent movements, resulting in an ugly noise, and shift in the positioning.
 
 
 
The motors are connected to a driver device, which sits on top of the whole machine. It creates the strong currents for the stepper drivers, out of signals from the PCs parallel port.
 
 
 
Hence, the computer has to send signals telling which axis should move one step forward or backward at a given instance. This can/is done by a software called "EMC". It is open source, and the thread doing this parallel port communications is using the patched real time Linux-kernel.
 
 
 
There are some GUIs for EMC, the most relevant is "AXIS", which graphically displays the current machine position, the paths it should travel the track history, and further stuff. Also manual movement can be performed.
 
  
The language to specify the movement of the machine is called "GCODE". Some of its [http://linuxcnc.org/docs/html/gcode.html statements] are starting with G01,or G00, hence the name.
+
Ask on our Mailinglist for help: https://lists.metalab.at/mailman/listinfo/cnc
A simple Gcode can look like this:
 
; i am a comment
 
F100; move with 100mm/min while cutting
 
G0 Z10; fast move to Z-coordinate 10
 
G1 Z0; drill down until Z=0 with the speed given by the Feedrate
 
G1 X10; move to the new location X10 while cutting
 
G0 Z10; and back up with large speed.
 
M30; end program
 
  
One can do a lot of things, e.g. have variables (#1=10), and do loops , evaluate mathematical expressions (G1 Z[#1*2] ).
+
Take also a peek into the [http://wiki.linuxcnc.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl LinuxCNC Wiki]! There are really good articles about CNC Stuff too!
So basically, real hackers write gcode by hand, while Chuck Norris sends movement commands to the steppers.
 
However, as we are all lacy, and things can get quite complicated, there exists software to convert 3d/2d CAD files, grayscale depthmap images, 3d-stl objects and other things into Gode. This is often called "CAM"-Software.
 
  
If you have a 2d-cad file (e.g. dxf) and specify depths for some areas that should be milled away, one speaks of 2.5D-CAM. This is performed e.g. by CamBam, or Camexpert.
+
__TOC__
  
The biggest trouble is the '''radius compensation''' of the milling heads. You always have to cut on a path half a diameter outside of the actual position. For this, there are various workflows. In Gcode, one can tell specify if one wants to cut left, right or directly on the actual path. This is called cutter radius compensations. Its a pain in the ass. Hence, often one uses no such thing, but either draws directly the offsetted lines in CAD, or has some software like cambam, which does this compensation and outputs already compensated "paths". The drawback of both methods is that one can not change the diameter of the cutter without recreating the gcode.  
+
== Standard Procedure ==
 +
[[Datei:Geilomat_warning.svg|200px|thumb|right|Warning Sign which is now implemented in the geilomat]]
 +
There are some important steps to take, otherwise you can destroy everything - even the earth...
 +
If you don't switch on the things in this particular order it can happen that the machine does things out of nowhere e.g. moves or turns on the spindle!!!
 +
=== Start Up ===
 +
# Start CNC PC (do not turn on the G4 (The "G4 Case" stepper control thing), neither the VFD)
 +
# Start LinuxCNC, make sure the X-Box controller is plugged in, otherwise starting the LinuxCNC doesn't work
 +
## If you are using the T-notch plate, choose the Shortcut "Geil-O-Mat starten (T-Nut Platten, Z Limit 107mm)"
 +
## Otherwise choose "Geil-O-Mat starten (Z Limit 112.5mm)" which has extra 5.5mm Z-Axis travelling distance
 +
# Press the emergency stop at the machine frame (if not already pressed)
 +
# Power on the Stepper Driver (The G4 Case)
 +
# Plug in the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
 +
## Wait until the VFD is started up
 +
## Check if 100.0 Hz is set on the screen of the VFD
 +
## Otherwise rotate the rotary encoder that it is 100.0Hz
 +
# Now release emergency stop
 +
# Power on the Machine inside LinuxCNC
 +
# Move near Homing position
 +
# Start Homing Sequence ("Referenzfahrt")
 +
# Warm up the Spindle as described here in the wiki
  
In the Gcode compensation, a "tool table" is used. Each cutter is index by a number, and in the table the diameters and other things are specified.
+
Now the machine is ready to use.
  
The current machine's state  is given by a coordinate triple, and some states (emergency swich, spindle speed, ...). The machine '''coordinate system''' is defined by the now automated homing routine. Thereafter, one can move the machine to a location, and "touch off", giving explicit coordinates for this location. Thereby the working coordinate system is defined. This is also the system displayed in Axis, However, in the background, the machine still works in the home-coordinate system for checking its movement limits. Clever!
+
For milling the spindle needs to be warm. The manual says that you should first let the spindle run for about 1 minute on 6000rpm, then increment by 6000rpm for 1 minute until you reached your destination speed. If the spindle wasn't used for longer than one week, you should double that time.
 +
So better is to let it run for two minutes on each speed.
  
== Current Status==
+
There is a sample code in the [[CNC-Fräse#GCode|GCode]] Section
  
* EMC is quite configured. Max-Movement speed is approx 1980 mm/min.
+
=== Power Down ===
** Consider not drive this fast anyway - 2200mm/min is currently a good setup without loosing steps
 
** If you use feed-override, please make sure not to run with 1980*1,5mm/min!
 
  
* Homeing procedure in EMC is functional, and by that also soft-limits. Its now "nearly" impossible to move over some limits. Start EMC, turn machine on with f1/f2, press "home all", wait 30 sec. Than traverse to the wished zero of your working coordinate system, and touch off in all three axes.
+
# Move Machine in a position where you can easily clean it and remove millheads. The back right corner is a good choice!
* The Spindle, aka the Mechatron, is switched on/off automatically.
+
# Press Emergency Stop
* Spindle speed must be set to a value between 6000 and 24000. Use GCode like M3 S6000
+
# Plug out VFD
** The Spindle needs some warmup before running. Manual says One minute on 6000rpm, then increase in steps of 6000 until the whished speed is reached. stay for one minute on each level. If the spindle is very cold and has not run about a week double the times!
+
# Shut down Stepper Drivers
 +
# Exit LinuxCNC
 +
# Power off PC
 +
# After seeing "System Halted" press the Power Button of the PC
 +
# Remove Cutter and Clamp
 +
# Clean the machine-bed and everything else.
  
* Double sided boards kind of work, although its a bit tricky: [[PCB_CNC]]
+
=== Machines and Things around the CNC ===
  
 +
* CNC PC: a Linux machine running the LinuxCNC Software and sends out commands via Parallel Port
 +
* G4: a old Apple G4 Case holding the stepper drivers and breakout board
 +
* Stepper Driver: Each stepper driver controls one stepper. There are 5 Stepper Driver in the G4: 2x X, 1x Y, 1x Z, 1x A (currently unused)
 +
* Breakout Board: Is used to "convert" the parallel commands to a different protocol that the stepper drivers are using. It controls also the spindle speed by sending an appropriate signal to the VFD
 +
* VFD (Variable Frequency Drive): This Box controls the Spindle. It has a output of 100 to 400Hz on 3 Phases and gets controlled by the Breakout Board.
  
=== Todo ===
+
<gallery>
 +
Datei:Vfd_normal.JPG|VFD, controls the spindle speed
 +
Datei:G4 power switch.JPG|Stepper Driver Power Switch
 +
Datei:Emergency switch.JPG|Emergency Switch
 +
Datei:Cnc pc and g4.JPG|CNC PC (in the front) and "G4" Stepper Driver (back)
 +
Datei:Clampings.JPG|Our set of clampings for the Spindle
 +
Datei:Power consumption meter.JPG|Power Consumption Meter at the output of the VFD
 +
Datei:The mechatron.JPG|The Spindle
 +
Datei:Stepper.JPG|A Stepper Motor
 +
Datei:Stepper drivers.JPG|The Stepper Drivers inside the "G4"
 +
Datei:Breakout board.JPG|The Breakout Board converts parallel port to stepper drivers and VFD
 +
Datei:Emergency extender.JPG|You can add more emergency switches to this board
 +
Datei:Homing switch.JPG|The Homing switches are used to give the machine a home position
 +
Datei:CNC_Winkel.jpg|Aluminium profiles are used as a side lay, for easy and repeatable positioning of the workpiece
 +
</gallery>
  
 +
== Wie Spanne ich ein Werkzeug richtig ein ==
  
* http://softsolder.com/2010/04/17/ugliest-tool-length-probe-switch-repeatability/
+
=== Wahl der richtigen Spannzange===
* get some flat 4-5 mm wood to put underneath the actual workpeace for cutting/milling through.
+
Der Spannzangensatz ist zwischen 1mm und 7mm auf 0.5mm gestuft.
* Revitalize the "Absaugung"
+
Stimmt der Nenndurchmesser des Schafts mit dem Nenndurchmesser ein Zange überein,
* Reboot the lubrication thingy.
+
dann nimmt man die. Für Zwischenwerte die nächst größere Spannzange.
** It works by turning on the compressor. The Hex-Screw changes the ammount, the ball-stick turns it on/off.
+
Für 1/8-Zoll-Schäfte sind eigene Zangen vorhanden, für 1/4-Zoll leider nur die 6,5er-Zange
* Find a way of dealing with oily aluminium dust.
+
Der kleinste Schaft, den ich mich in die 1mm-Zange spannen traue ist 0.7mm
* buy some normal wood in reasonable size (40x100x1.8 cm)
+
===Überwurfmutter===
* organize some aluminium for testing
+
Wie auch bei der Kress-Spannzange ist als erstes die Spannzange in die Spindelmutter (Überwurfmutter)
 +
einzurasten. Die Zange sitzt richtig, wenn ihr Aussenende (nahezu) plan zur Mutter ist (auch nach dem
 +
Aufschrauben auf die Spindel prüfen, bevor man fest anzieht).
 +
(Bei genauer Betrachtung der Mutter fällt auf, dass der Bund, der in den Einstich der Spannzange
 +
einrastet exzentrisch zur Achse der Mutter ist. Das ist Absicht und erleichtert das Einrasten.)
 +
===Einbau des Werkzeuges ===
 +
Das Werkzeug in die Spannzange (in der Mutter) einstecken
 +
Manche Fräser haben eine Flachstelle am Schaft. Die Enden der Spannzange sollten nicht in
 +
diesem Loch zu liegen kommen, da sonst die Zange asymmetrisch spannt und eventuell
 +
beschädigt wird. (Das innere Ende Spannfläche muss nicht das Ende des gesamten Körpers sein,
 +
manche Zangen sind abgesetzt)
 +
Bis 7mm ist es möglich, den Werkzeugschaft durch die Zange in die Spindel zu stecken.
 +
Bei der 8er-Zange geht das nicht!
 +
=== Montage des Werkzeuges ===
 +
Die Zange mit dem Werkzeug in die Spindel einsetzen und Mutter aufschrauben
 +
Da die Zange im offenen Zustand, speziell bei Bohrern, die etwas kleineren Schaftdurchmesser
 +
haben, das Werkzeug nicht halten kann, folgen die Werkzeuge gern der Schwerkraft.
 +
Man braucht einen 13er-Schlüssel für die Spindelachse, einen 17er für die Mutter und eine 3. Hand,
 +
um das Schneidwerkzeug zu halten. Oder doch nicht? Wenn man die Y-Achse und Z-Achse geschickt
 +
positioniert, kann man den 13er auf die Schleppkette auflegen und gegen das Portal lehnen.
 +
Alternativ kann man einen Holzblock unter das Werkzeug stellen.
 +
Es schadet generell nicht, bei offenem Arbeitsraum-Boden (so wie jetzt wo ich oft werkel) eine
 +
Holzplatte unter der Spindel am Boden aufzulegen, falls das Werkzeug doch "abpascht" (beim Ausspannen!).
 +
===die Mutter anziehen===
 +
Wie oben erwähnt jetzt noch mal den richtigen Sitz der Zange prüfen!
 +
Das Gewinde der Mechatron-Spindel ist sehr fein, daher erzeugt es schon bei mäßigem Drehmoment
 +
recht hohe Axialkräfte, die letztendlich die Zange schließen. Das erzeugt Radialkräft auf den Werkzeugschaft,
 +
die über Reibung das Werkzeug halten. Wie wir alle wissen, ist die Flächenpressung, die ein Werkstoff erträgt
 +
begrenzt und gleich Kraft durch Fläche. Die Pressfläche ist bei kleinen Zangen viel kleiner als bei großen,
 +
daher speziell diese mit Gefühl anziehen.
 +
Wenn alle Spiele aus der Anordnung verschwunden sind, gibt es einen Punkt, wo das Anziehen "hart" wird.
 +
Über diesen Punkt hinaus sollte man nicht gehen.
  
=== Ideas ===
+
== Aus- und Einbau der T-Nut Platten ==
  
* build/buy a [http://www.vinland.com/Touch-Probe.html touch-probe] (or [http://www.indoor.flyer.co.uk/probe.htm like this]).
+
Sollte jemand die T-Nutplatten aus arbeitstechnischen Gründen entfernen
* Build/buy a [http://www.cnc-modellbau.net/shop/start.htm?spannmittel_vakuumtische.htm Vakuum-Table ]
+
müssen, dann bitte folgendes beachten:
  
* A [http://asset.soup.io/asset/0830/5162_2b28_960.jpeg led-ring] for illumination the milling location.
+
a) hinter der hintersten T-Nutplatte  sind auf dem Rahmen links und rechts
* Build a 4th, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-RzYjSPzP4&feature=related rotating axis].  
+
jeweils ein Nutenstein mit Wurmschraube und einer Zylinderkopfschraube fix
--[[Benutzer:Bkubicek|Bkubicek]] 13:44, 4. Jun. 2010 (CEST)
+
montiert. Beim Wiedereinbau die erste T-Nutplatten vorsichtig an diese Köpfe
 +
anschieben. die folgenden beinde jeweils spaltfrei anschschließen.
 +
Bitte die Platten nicht verdrehen. Aktuell ist auf der linken Seite duch die
 +
Bohrungsmittelpunkte ein schwarzer Strich gehend.
  
=== Wishlist ===
+
b) Damit die T-Nutplatten lange leben und eine glatte Oberfläche behalten,
 +
bitte bei Durchfräsungen bzw. Durchbohrungen durch Euer Werkstück eine
 +
entsprechende Opferplatte dawischen einspannen. Falls jemand nicht genau
 +
wissen sollte, was damit gemeint ist bzw. wie so etwas eingespannt werden
 +
soll, bitte unbedingt vorher auf der CNC-Mailingliste nachfragen.
  
* too much ;)
+
c) sollte als Opferplatte irgendein dickeres Material (MDF, Kunststoff etc.)
 +
verwendet werden um sein Werstück mit Spax-Schrauben niederzuspannen, dann
 +
bitte die Schraubenlänge so wählen, daß die Schraube die T-Nutplatte '''NICHT''' erreicht !!! Daher bitte lieber vorher 10 Sekunden nachdenken, sonst
 +
erreicht Euch die Strafe der Werkstättengeister.
  
 +
* mutwilliges Hirnabschalten ---> Ersatz für Schaden (Material + Zeitaufwand) + 1 Jahr HM + WEL wöchentlich aufräumen
 +
* nicht mutwilliges Hirnabschalten --> Ersatz für Schaden (Material + Zeitaufwand) und 1 Jahr HM wöchentlich aufräumen
  
==History==
 
  
[[Bild:Cnc_schoen.JPG|thumb|right|So eine schöne..]]
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== GCode ==
[[Bild:Cnc_vorne.JPG|thumb|right|yummy.]]
+
See also this Page for more GCodes: [[CNC/GCode‎]]
[[Bild:Cnc_marius_flo_chris.JPG|thumb|right|Die guten Helferlis]]
 
[[Bild:Cnc_flo_box.jpg|thumb|right|Flo in seinem neuen Stall]]
 
  
Es war einmal .. eine CNCfräse.
 
 
Sie war eine gute Fräse und alle Kinder hatten sie gerne, spielten mit ihr und tanzten im bunten Reigen singend um sie herum..
 
 
Doch eines Tages rief sie das Schicksal und sie musste ihrer Bestimmung nachkommen .. dem Fräsen.
 
 
Nicht dass du glaubst sie wäre darin nicht gut gewesen.
 
 
Nein nein!  Ganz im Gegenteil!!
 
 
Sie war eine ausgezeichnete Fräse!
 
 
..aber  die Materialien staubten ganz fürchterlich und der Lärm brachte die verkaterten Schädel der Kinder zum Zittern..
 
 
Die Fräse schien verflucht!
 
 
Soviel Gutes und Schönes sie auch in der Welt zu bewirken vermochte, soviel Schrecken und Dreck verursachten der Staub und Lärm sobald man ihren Motor anwarf.
 
 
Eines Tages erfuhr ein edler Ritter von diesem Dilemma und machte sich auf den Weg, die verwunschene Maschine von ihren Leiden zu erlösen.
 
 
Er schwang sich auf sein weißes Ross, schwer behangen mit
 
* einem Akkubohrer
 
* einer Stichsäge
 
* 3 Plexiglasplatten
 
* 5 Pressspanplatten
 
* 2 Scharnieren
 
* 4 Magnetkontakten
 
* 2 Türgriffen
 
* unendlich vielen Winkeln
 
* einem Staubsauger
 
* einer Neonröhre mit Schutzglas
 
 
.. und bezwang in einer spektakulären zweitägigen Heimwerkeraktion das Biest.
 
 
Heute lebt die Fräse im Metalabber Whateverlab, hat eine integrierte Staubabsaugung, Schalldämmung und Beleuchtung.
 
 
Ihr bester Freund der Computer hat eine umfangreiche Palette an CNC Software installiert und ist fix mit dem Biest verbunden..
 
 
 
Und wenn sie nicht gestorben sind dann fräsen sie noch heute.
 
 
 
 
..und warum jetzt geil-o-mat?
 
 
weil ich das gut finde.
 
 
--[[Benutzer:Overflo|Overflo]] 13:56, 8. Dez. 2007 (CET)
 
 
===The big reconfiguration===
 
between 2012 and now some crazy guys had a vision in their heads that the CNC needs to be reconfigured.
 
They build a heavy (around 700kg) table and cage and pimped the settings of the cnc. they even installed a HF Spindle for super mega awesome milling.
 
 
==Reference==
 
a usefull preamble for this mill:
 
M3    ; starts spindl clockwise (looking from above down)
 
S6000  ; 6000 min-1
 
G4 P60 ; wait for 60 seconds
 
S12000 ; 12000 min-1 until the whished speed is reached
 
G4 P60
 
F950  ; xyz feedrate 950 mm/min
 
G90
 
G21
 
 
[http://linuxcnc.org/docs/html/gcode.html Gcode reference]
 
=== Cheat Sheat ===
 
Ersetzen Gcode-Zeilennummern im Texteditor Kate replace "N[0-9]* " by "" using regular expression.
 
  
 +
Example Gcode Header for Geilomat:
 +
; A secicolon starts a comment
 +
(Lines inside brackets are comments too)
 +
G21      ; use mm
 +
G90      ; absolute coordinates
 +
G92.1    ; cancel offset coordinate system and set values to zero
 +
G54      ; use G54 coordinate system
 +
G40      ; turn radius compensation off
 +
G17      ; choose x,y plane
 +
G80      ; Cancel Motion Modes (e.g. active canned cycles)
 +
G94      ; movement speed is in units per minute (hence mm/min)
 +
G49      ; turn cutter legth compensation off
 +
; It is always a good idea to go to a known safe location to run the warmup
 +
G0 Z10  ; Go to saftyplane, usually you define the highest part of your workpiece as Z=0
 +
; Spindle Warmup Sequence
 +
M3      ; turn on spindle
 +
S6000    ; 6000 min-1 spindle speed
 +
G4 P120  ; wait 2 minutes until spindle is warm
 +
S12000  ; add another 6000min-1
 +
G4 P120  ; again two minute wait
 +
; repeat steps above (S and G4) until target speed is reached
 +
 +
F500    ; 500mm/minutes movement speed
 +
 +
; your program starts here... now you can do things like
 +
G0 X0 Y0 ; go to your 0,0 point rapidly
 +
G4 P0    ; Dwell for no time, to force linuxcnc to be on this point exactly
 +
G1 Z0    ; go to Z0 with 500mm/min (as set with F command)
 +
 +
; the tail
 +
G0 Z10  ; retract from workplane - safty plane
 +
M30      ; end program
  
Example Gcode Header for Geilomat:
+
== Parameters for typical jobs ==
G21    ; mm
+
[[Bild:Milling_in_action.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|Milling aluminium - the right parameters are key to sucess. ]]
G90    ; absolute coordinates
 
G0 Z10
 
G0 X0 Y0
 
F500    ; 500mm/minutes movement speed
 
M7      ; staubsauger an
 
M3      ; fraeser einschalten
 
S6000  ; Drehzahl auf 6000 min-1 einstellen
 
G4 P60  ; 60 sekunden warten bis motor warm ist
 
  
Typical gcode Tail:
+
Please note that these Values are produced under different circumstances - like how many "Schneiden" a mill has or what kind of mill you are using!
; the tail
+
Please use also "Drehzahlrechner" for looking up proper values.
G0 Z10  ; retract from workplane - safty plane
 
M30 ; end program
 
  
=== Parameters for typical jobs ===
+
Please be aware that, like with the lasercutter, not every material can be cut and for each material you have certain parameters. These parameters are in the first place a result of the tool you use but also depends on chemical and mechanical compound of the material you need to cut.
 +
For example there are a lot of aluminium types, like AlMgSiPb or AlCuBiPb which is very good for milling and also pure Al99,5 which is very very bad for milling!!!
 +
This counts for all types of material, also for wood! e.g. MDF has very different cutting parameters than birch wood...
  
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
Zeile 182: Zeile 218:
 
! Material
 
! Material
 
! Head Diameter mm
 
! Head Diameter mm
! Cutting Depth mm
+
! Cutting Depth mm (a_p)
! Sidewards depth in % of diameter
+
! Sidewards depth in % of diameter (a_e)
 
! Spindle Speed
 
! Spindle Speed
 
! Feed Rate mm/min
 
! Feed Rate mm/min
 
! Comment
 
! Comment
 
|-
 
|-
| MDF ||8||2||?||12000||30||MDF is usually too thick to be milled with our normal milling heads, so we're using a bigger (8mm diameter) end mill. Plunge 10.
+
| MDF || 6mm Z2 || 3 || 100% || 18000 || Feed 2000, Plunge 300 || Absaugen! Das Zeug ist ziemlich fein und nicht gut für die Lunge... --[[Benutzer:Reox|Reox]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Reox|Diskussion]]) 11:46, 9. Jan. 2016 (CET)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Wood ||3||5||50%||12000-14000||>300|| guessed proposal
 
| Wood ||3||5||50%||12000-14000||>300|| guessed proposal
Zeile 194: Zeile 230:
 
| Wood ||0.8||4||100%||12000-14000||~250|| guessed proposal
 
| Wood ||0.8||4||100%||12000-14000||~250|| guessed proposal
 
|-
 
|-
| Aluminium||3||1||50%||6000||300|| guessed proposal with cooling
+
| Wood ||3||0.8||50%||12000||600|| looked good, material was plywood 8mm
 +
|-
 +
| Wood (Leimholz Fichte) || 6mmZ3 || 2 || 100% || 23000 || 1000 || Works fine, also tested 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mm 
 +
|-
 +
| Wood (Leimholz Fichte) || 6mmZ3 || 6 || 1mm || 23000 || 1000 || Für Kanten, Stege auf der Holzplatte brechen aus (Achtung)
 +
|-
 +
| Aluminium || 6 || 0.25 || 6mm || 10000 || 1100 || Vierschneider, schleppender Schnitt - no external cooling
 +
|-
 +
| Aluminium || 6 || 0.25 || 6mm || 10000 || 650 || Zweischneider, schleppend und ziehender schnitt - no external cooling
 +
|-
 +
| Aluminium || 4 || 0.25 || 6mm || 14000 || 850 || Dreischneider, Wassergekühlt, leicht raue Oberfläche
 +
|-
 +
| Brass (Messing) || 2 || 0.25 || 50% || 24000 || 960 || Zweischneider - no external cooling
 
|-
 
|-
| Aluminium||10||10||20%||7990||3000|| on an industrial machine, for comparison
+
| PCB engrave||0.1-0.3 30deg||0.3|| 0.035 ||12000||1000|| tested in epoxy-pcb
 
|-
 
|-
| PCB engrave||0.1-0.3 30deg||0.3|| ||12000||1000|| tested in epoxy-pcb
+
| PCB drill||0.9 ||-2.5|| 0.5 ||14000||400|| tested in epoxy-pcb
 
|-
 
|-
| PCB drill||0.9 ||-2.5|| ||14000||400|| tested in epoxy-pcb
+
| PCB milling || 0.5 || 0.035 (isolate) 0.25 (mill) || 100% || 22000 || 400 || tested in FR4
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Plexiglass Front door engrave||0.1 30deg?||1|| ||10000||20|| Plunge 20, toolsize cambam 0.3
 
| Plexiglass Front door engrave||0.1 30deg?||1|| ||10000||20|| Plunge 20, toolsize cambam 0.3
Zeile 208: Zeile 256:
 
| Plexiglas Portrait ||0.1 30deg?||4|| ||10000||?|| 0.3mm raster, Custom tool to convert from image to gcode
 
| Plexiglas Portrait ||0.1 30deg?||4|| ||10000||?|| 0.3mm raster, Custom tool to convert from image to gcode
 
|-
 
|-
 +
| Acryl || 6 || 0.5 || 5mm || 6240 || 1400 || Zweischneider, no external cooling - there are two types of Acryl: XT and GS. Use GS for Milling!
 
|}
 
|}
  
Warning:
+
=== Warning ===
Do not use a too low feed-rate!!  
+
Do not use a too low feed-rate!!  
The cutting region of the milling head is microscopically round.  
+
The cutting region of the milling head is microscopically round.  
If the "Spanbreite", the thickness of the removed material, is lower that this radius,  
+
If the "Spanbreite", the thickness of the removed material, is lower that this radius,  
most material is compressed and only cut if the compression force is to large.  
+
most material is compressed and only cut if the compression force is to large.  
This results in dramatic friction and hence only heats up the milling head.  
+
This results in dramatic friction and hence only heats up the milling head.  
The thought "Oh, the cutter is getting too hot, I can see burning marks in the side of the wood, I
+
The thought "Oh, the cutter is getting too hot, I can see burning marks in the side of the wood, I
have to  reduce the movement speed" is deadly!!! You can decrease the spindle speed, and increase the movement speed.
+
have to  reduce the movement speed" is deadly!!! You can decrease the spindle speed, and increase the movement speed.
 
 
The Heat produced while cutting depends on the friction. A second part is proportional to the volume of material that is removed.
 
Half the milling depth, half the heating! 25% sidewards instead of 50% sidewards cutting=half the heating.
 
 
Mill heads can break if the sidewards force is too large. So for tiny things,
 
the feed rate together with the spindle speed and the cutting depth should be reduced.
 
  
 +
The Heat produced while cutting depends on the friction. A second part is proportional to the volume of material that is removed.
 +
Half the milling depth, half the heating! 25% sidewards instead of 50% sidewards cutting=half the heating.
 
   
 
   
 +
Mill heads can break if the sidewards force is too large. So for tiny things,
 +
the feed rate together with the spindle speed and the cutting depth should be reduced.
 
   
 
   
Pocketing plexiglass:
+
=== Pocketing plexiglass ===
  
 
* Choose engraving bit according to pocket size.
 
* Choose engraving bit according to pocket size.
Zeile 237: Zeile 284:
  
  
Cutting GFK (glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff):
+
=== Cutting GFK (glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff) ===
  
 
(Acquirable at http://www.der-schweighofer.at/artikel/77271/gfk_platte_300x135x1.5mm)
 
(Acquirable at http://www.der-schweighofer.at/artikel/77271/gfk_platte_300x135x1.5mm)
Zeile 248: Zeile 295:
 
*Feed override: 75%
 
*Feed override: 75%
  
==How to==
+
=== Aluminium ===
 +
 
 +
Maximum Millheadsize should be 4mm on our Machine!
 +
We sucessfully tested a_p = 0.25mm with 6mm head - with and without cooling (cooling done by isopropanol)
 +
 
 +
Spanabfuhr is quite a problem and our machine is not as stiff as we would like to have it for milling aluminium. so larger a_p would not work because the millhead will be bend to much.
 +
 
 +
Better use smaller diameter of cutter and higher spindle speed + feed rate.
 +
 
 +
=== MDF ===
 +
MDF is a very nice working material. It is quite stable and can be easily milled. Also varnish looks great on it.
 +
<gallery>
 +
Bild:MDF_bad.jpg|Using a wrong milling strategy, MDF tend to frezzle
 +
Bild:MDF_good.jpg|The same thing, just using a different strategy, almost no frezzling (just at the 3mm pocket in the center)
 +
</gallery>
 +
But milling MDF has some pitfalls:
 +
 
 +
* MDF tends to frezzle, if the facings are removed. Reportedly, a very sharp wood plunge mill will reduce the amout of frezzle, use one with 15 degree of spiral angle or less
 +
* The dust of MDF is toxic. Use a vacuum (and respirator)!
 +
* Do not use to slow feed rate! MDF will burn easily.
 +
 
 +
24000 rpms are probably better, but at this speed the spindle makes a lot of noise. So i decided to use 18000 rpm, which worked quite well. Probably the feedrate could be higher with 24k, but the machine is already in the "orange" zone with 2000 mm/min.
 +
 
 +
== Cutting Speed ==
 +
or in German "Schnittgeschwindigkeit" is depended on workpiece material, cutter material, cooling, method of milling and many others.
 +
The values listed below are just reference values! For a specific project you need to find out your parameters by reading datasheets or even test cuts in the material.
 +
If you need to do test cuts, start with the lowest possible value. But do not start to low because the "Spanbreite" needs to be larger than the blade edge radius.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 +
|-
 +
! Material
 +
! Cutter
 +
! Cooling
 +
! Cutting Speed <math>v_c [\frac{\text{m}}{\text{min}}]</math>
 +
! Feed Rate per Tooth <math>f_z [\frac{\text{mm}}{\text{min}}]</math>
 +
! Comment
 +
|-
 +
| Wood || VHM || No || up to 3000 || ??? || Tested with <math>n=24000, z=2, d=6, v_f=3000</math>
 +
|-
 +
| Aluminium (9-13% Si)|| VHM || || 300 || 0.06 || From "Praxis der Zerspantechnik"
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 +
|-
 +
! From
 +
! Variable
 +
! Description
 +
! Beschreibung
 +
! Unit
 +
! Formular
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| '''milling cutter''' || <math>d</math> || Cutter diameter || Fräserdurchmesser || <math>\text{mm}</math>
 +
|-
 +
| <math>z</math> || Number of Teeth ||  Anzahl der Schneiden ||
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| '''material specific''' || <math>f_z</math> || Feed per Teeth || Vorschub pro Schneide || <math>\text{mm}</math> ||
 +
|-
 +
| <math>v_c</math> || Cutting Speed || Schnittgeschwindigkeit || <math>\frac{\text{m}}{\text{min}}</math> || 
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| '''calculated''' || <math>v_f</math> || Feed Rate Forward || Vorschub || <math>\frac{\text{mm}}{\text{min}}</math> || <math>v_f = n \cdot f_z \cdot z</math>
 +
|-
 +
| <math>n</math> || Revolutions || Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit || <math>\frac{\text{1}}{\text{min}}</math> || <math>n = \frac{v_c \cdot 1000}{\pi \cdot d} </math>
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| '''defined by process and<br>maximum load of machine''' || <math>a_p</math> || Infeed || Tiefenzustellung || <math>\text{mm}</math>
 +
|-
 +
| <math>a_e</math> || Sidewards Feed || Seitenzustellung || <math>\text{mm}</math>
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| '''for time considerations''' || <math>Q</math> || Material Removal Rate || Zeitspanvolumen || <math>\frac{\text{cm}^3}{\text{min}}</math> || <math>Q = a_e \cdot a_p \cdot v_f \cdot \frac{1}{1000}</math>
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
These values are connected to each other. There are two main formulars to calculate <math>n</math> and <math>v_f</math>.
 +
To have cutting speed in m/min instead of mm/min you need to divide by 1000.
 +
A third formular gives you an estimation how much cm³ you can remove per minute, called <math>Q</math>.
 +
 
 +
Typically you choose a specific milling cutter for the job and lookup the values for the material. The process parameter are bound by the maximum load the machine can handle (See for example [[CNC-Fräse/Technical#Und_warum_kann_man_jetzt_keinen_Stahl_bearbeiten.3F|Why can't I mill steel in the CNC?]]) and of course by the workpiece you want to produce.
 +
 
 +
The cutting speed in the datasheet of a cutter is often calculated for a service time ("Standzeit") of 1 hour. That means if you mill with the exact parameters that are posted in the datasheet, the cutter will be unuseable after about one hour.
 +
 
 +
=How to=
 
===CamBam Mini HowTo ===
 
===CamBam Mini HowTo ===
[[Bild:CamBam_Howto.PNG|thumb|800px|Werte die man bei CamBam beim erstellen eines 2.5D oder Pocket Operation beachten muss]]
+
[[Bild:CamBam_Howto.PNG|thumb|400px|Werte die man bei CamBam beim erstellen eines 2.5D oder Pocket Operation beachten muss]]
 
==== Sehr wichtige Parameter ====
 
==== Sehr wichtige Parameter ====
 
* '''CutIncrement''' - Wie tief geht die fraese in einem schritt
 
* '''CutIncrement''' - Wie tief geht die fraese in einem schritt
Zeile 260: Zeile 387:
 
* '''InsideOutside''' Falls man die Outline verkehrt herum geyeichnet hat kann man mit dieser option innen und aussen umdrehen (einfach mal ausprobieren)
 
* '''InsideOutside''' Falls man die Outline verkehrt herum geyeichnet hat kann man mit dieser option innen und aussen umdrehen (einfach mal ausprobieren)
  
 +
= Related Pages =
  
 +
* [[CNC]] - Software Infos und so..
 +
* [[PCB_CNC]] Use the CNC to create PCBs
 +
* [[Geil-o-mat/History]] History of the CNC
 +
* [[Geil-o-mat/Future]] Future of the CNC
  
 +
Subpages:
 +
{{Special:PrefixIndex/CNC-Fräse/}}
 +
{{Special:PrefixIndex/Geil-o-mat/}}
 +
{{Special:PrefixIndex/CNC/}}
  
 +
Formeln zum Berechnen von Zustellung, Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit usw.
  
 +
* [http://www.carbide-tools.com/knowHow.htmld/ Was Sie über Werkzeuge wissen sollten]
 +
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnittgeschwindigkeit Wikipedia]
 +
* [http://www.rueggeberg.de/de-de/101_DDE_HTML.htm Onlineberechnungen]
 +
* [http://www.depo.de/content/view/75/93/lang,/ Drehzahlrechner]
 +
* [http://www.vhf.de/cgi-bin/ToolCalc?lng=de noch ein Drehzahlrechner]
 +
* [http://www.pferd.com/at-de/101_DEA_HTML.htm yet another Drehzahlrechner]
  
=== Drilling and cutting PCB's (epoxy) ===
+
= Technical Details =
 +
See this other Page for even more technical things: [[CNC-Fräse/Technical|CNC Mill Technical Stuff]]
  
[[PCB_CNC]]
+
A CNC mill like the dear Geil-O-Mat has three axis that can be moved independently. A spindle with a [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4swerkzeug mill cutter] typically removes material.
 +
[[Bild:geilomat.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Some pink work in progress...]]
  
=== Cutting and drilling Aluminium ===
+
Each axis is driven by one (Y and Z) or two (X) stepper motors. Basically, theses motors can only rotate in 1.8 degree steps, and hence no secondary encoder is needed for the machine knowing its current location. By a trick called "microstepping", currently the resolution is increased to 1/8 of 1.8 degrees.
 +
As the stepper leads in to a "Zwillings-Trapezgewindespindel", the rotation is transformed into linear motion, one revolution= 6mm.
 +
Warning: If there is too much force for the motor to move one step, it skips the step, typically failing also in subsequent movements, resulting in an ugly noise, and shift in the positioning.
  
Needs cooling. No success yet.
+
The motors are connected to a driver device, which sits on top of the whole machine. It creates the strong currents for the stepper drivers, out of signals from the PCs parallel port.
Our spindle might be too fast for drilling.
 
Meh, it should work fine.
 
  
== Toolchain ==
+
Hence, the computer has to send signals telling which axis should move one step forward or backward at a given instance. This can/is done by a software called "LinuxCNC". It is open source, and the thread doing this parallel port communications is using the patched real time Linux-kernel.
=== CamBam ===
 
CamBam is at the moment the tool of choice for defining operations, tool path generation and gcode export.
 
To a certain degree, it's also possible to use CamBam for design as well.
 
  
'''Note!''' CamBam is neither Free Software or freeware, but commercial software with a 40-time use evaluation license.
+
There are some GUIs for LinuxCNC, the most relevant is "AXIS", which graphically displays the current machine position, the paths it should travel the track history, and further stuff. Also manual movement can be performed.
  
CamBam can import DXF.
+
The language to specify the movement of the machine is called "GCODE". Some of its [http://linuxcnc.org/docs/html/gcode.html statements] are starting with G01,or G00, hence the name.
 +
A simple Gcode can look like this:
 +
; i am a comment
 +
F100; move with 100mm/min while cutting
 +
G0 Z10; fast move to Z-coordinate 10
 +
G1 Z0; drill down until Z=0 with the speed given by the Feedrate
 +
G1 X10; move to the new location X10 while cutting
 +
G0 Z10; and back up with large speed.
 +
M30; end program
  
=== Camexpert ===
+
One can do a lot of things, e.g. have variables (#1=10), and do loops , evaluate mathematical expressions (G1 Z[#1*2] ).
Having a dxf done with all the cutting paths, camexpert can export gcode. Manual editing of the gocde is although necessary. Learning curve is not as steep as with cambam.
+
So basically, real hackers write gcode by hand, while Chuck Norris sends movement commands to the steppers.
 +
However, as we are all lacy, and things can get quite complicated, there exists software to convert 3d/2d CAD files, grayscale depthmap images, 3d-stl objects and other things into Gode. This is often called "CAM"-Software.
  
 +
If you have a 2d-cad file (e.g. dxf) and specify depths for some areas that should be milled away, one speaks of 2.5D-CAM. This is performed e.g. by CamBam, or Camexpert.
  
=== Design Tools ===
+
The biggest trouble is the '''radius compensation''' of the milling heads. You always have to cut on a path half a diameter outside of the actual position.  For this, there are various workflows. In Gcode, one can tell specify if one wants to cut left, right or directly on the actual path. This is called cutter radius compensations. Its a pain in the ass. Hence, often one uses no such thing, but either draws directly the offsetted lines in CAD, or has some software like cambam, which does this compensation and outputs already compensated "paths". The drawback of both methods is that one can not change the diameter of the cutter without recreating the gcode.
  
* '''Inkscape''': Produces SVG and has export options for EPS and DXF.
+
In the Gcode compensation, a "tool table" can be used. Each cutter is index by a number, and in the table the diameters and other things are specified. The other variant is to define the radius compensation directly.
* '''Adobe Illustrator''': .ai files can usually be read by Postscript/PDF software and be exported as EPS.
+
For our CNC machine a tool table is not useful, but on machines which have automated tool changer it can store all offsets and positions in the tool changer.
* '''OmniGraffle''': Can export EPS
 
* '''Mentor Graphics''':
 
* '''Eagle''':
 
* ''' QCAD '''
 
  
=== Fileformats -> CamBam ===
+
The current machine's state is given by a coordinate triple, and some states (emergency swich, spindle speed, ...). The machine '''coordinate system''' is defined by the now automated homing routine. Thereafter, one can move the machine to a location, and "touch off", giving explicit coordinates for this location. Thereby the working coordinate system is defined. This is also the system displayed in Axis, However, in the background, the machine still works in the home-coordinate system for checking its movement limits. Clever!
 
 
* '''SVG''': Inkscape
 
* '''EPS''': pstoedit -f dxf <infile.eps> <outfile.dxf> (http://www.pstoedit.net/pstoedit)
 
 
 
== Verwandte Seiten ==
 
[[CNC]] - Software Infos und so..
 
 
 
Formeln zum Berechnen von Zustellung, Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit usw.
 
 
 
[http://www.carbide-tools.com/knowHow.htmld/ Was Sie über Werkzeuge wissen sollten]
 
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnittgeschwindigkeit Wikipedia]
 
[http://www.rueggeberg.de/de-de/101_DDE_HTML.htm Onlineberechnungen]
 
 
 
Falls sich jemand mit der Anwendung der Formeln auskennt bitte melden. Weiters gesucht das Buch "Der Werkstatthelfer". 
 
 
 
== Debugging Checklist ==
 
* Damit die '''Limit Switches''' funktionieren, muss der Druckerport im BIOS auf ECC+EPP gestellt sein. Ansonsten sind die Relevanten Eingangs-Pins kommentarlos nicht einlesbar.  
 
** Wenn man Limits in EMC ausgelöst hat, hilft ein "override limits häckchen", ein einschalten (F1/F2), und ein wegfahren in die entsprechende richtung (Cursortasten und Page up/down)
 
* Wenn man die Fräse einrichten muss, sind wichtige Hinweise hier gesammelt: [[Benutzer:Reox/CNC]] --[[Benutzer:Reox|Reox]] 18:10, 4. Jul. 2013 (CEST)
 
  
 
== CNC PC ==
 
== CNC PC ==
Zeile 326: Zeile 455:
 
* The PC has APIC disabled, because of realtime kernel jitter reasons. so if you power it down, you need to press the power button after the system says "system halted"
 
* The PC has APIC disabled, because of realtime kernel jitter reasons. so if you power it down, you need to press the power button after the system says "system halted"
  
== Syntax Highlighting in Kate/Kwrite==
+
If you ever need to set up from scratch, here is the LinuxCNC config (which should be all you need to run the system): https://github.com/Metalab/linuxcnc_config
 
 
in "~/.kde/share/apps/katepart/syntax" put [[Bild:gcode.xml.txt]] without the txt extension.
 
  
 
[[Kategorie:Maschinen]]
 
[[Kategorie:Maschinen]]
 
[[Kategorie:WhateverLab]]
 
[[Kategorie:WhateverLab]]

Version vom 25. Juli 2016, 14:12 Uhr

Language: English


CNC-Fräse
CNC Front 20140827.jpeg
Eigentümer: Metalab, some Parts of the machine are held private
Status: Aktiv
Erfordert Einschulung: Ja
Erfordert Authentisierung: Nein
Kostet:
Hilfsbereite: CNC Mailing List

WARNING: Do not use this machine if you have not had an official introduction to the workflow of this specific machine. It is quite complex and working with this device can easily result in a visit to the hospital...

CNC aka the Geil-o-Mat

What is it? It is a CNC (Computerized Numeric Control) Machine, which is located in the Heavy Machinery Department of the Metalab.

Technical Outline:

  • Spindle speed: 6000 - 24000 min^-1
  • Tool Size: 1mm up to 8mm shank, also 1/8" shanks
  • Maximum step speed: 2000 mm*min^-1 (3600mm*min^-1 for G0, z-axis max 1200mm*min^-1)
  • Maximum Workpiece Dimension: about 725mm * 395mm (X*Y). The height depends on your workpiece, millhead and where do you fix it!
  • Cooling: Air (or liquids by hand)
  • Clamping: Various - depends on your job
  • Software: Runs via LinuxCNC (an Open Source CNC Software)
  • Materials: wood, PCBs, plastics, (millable) aluminium (with precaution!); NO steel (never ever)!

For projects results of this machine, please visit http://geilomat.soup.io/

Ask on our Mailinglist for help: https://lists.metalab.at/mailman/listinfo/cnc

Take also a peek into the LinuxCNC Wiki! There are really good articles about CNC Stuff too!

Standard Procedure

Warning Sign which is now implemented in the geilomat

There are some important steps to take, otherwise you can destroy everything - even the earth... If you don't switch on the things in this particular order it can happen that the machine does things out of nowhere e.g. moves or turns on the spindle!!!

Start Up

  1. Start CNC PC (do not turn on the G4 (The "G4 Case" stepper control thing), neither the VFD)
  2. Start LinuxCNC, make sure the X-Box controller is plugged in, otherwise starting the LinuxCNC doesn't work
    1. If you are using the T-notch plate, choose the Shortcut "Geil-O-Mat starten (T-Nut Platten, Z Limit 107mm)"
    2. Otherwise choose "Geil-O-Mat starten (Z Limit 112.5mm)" which has extra 5.5mm Z-Axis travelling distance
  3. Press the emergency stop at the machine frame (if not already pressed)
  4. Power on the Stepper Driver (The G4 Case)
  5. Plug in the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
    1. Wait until the VFD is started up
    2. Check if 100.0 Hz is set on the screen of the VFD
    3. Otherwise rotate the rotary encoder that it is 100.0Hz
  6. Now release emergency stop
  7. Power on the Machine inside LinuxCNC
  8. Move near Homing position
  9. Start Homing Sequence ("Referenzfahrt")
  10. Warm up the Spindle as described here in the wiki

Now the machine is ready to use.

For milling the spindle needs to be warm. The manual says that you should first let the spindle run for about 1 minute on 6000rpm, then increment by 6000rpm for 1 minute until you reached your destination speed. If the spindle wasn't used for longer than one week, you should double that time. So better is to let it run for two minutes on each speed.

There is a sample code in the GCode Section

Power Down

  1. Move Machine in a position where you can easily clean it and remove millheads. The back right corner is a good choice!
  2. Press Emergency Stop
  3. Plug out VFD
  4. Shut down Stepper Drivers
  5. Exit LinuxCNC
  6. Power off PC
  7. After seeing "System Halted" press the Power Button of the PC
  8. Remove Cutter and Clamp
  9. Clean the machine-bed and everything else.

Machines and Things around the CNC

  • CNC PC: a Linux machine running the LinuxCNC Software and sends out commands via Parallel Port
  • G4: a old Apple G4 Case holding the stepper drivers and breakout board
  • Stepper Driver: Each stepper driver controls one stepper. There are 5 Stepper Driver in the G4: 2x X, 1x Y, 1x Z, 1x A (currently unused)
  • Breakout Board: Is used to "convert" the parallel commands to a different protocol that the stepper drivers are using. It controls also the spindle speed by sending an appropriate signal to the VFD
  • VFD (Variable Frequency Drive): This Box controls the Spindle. It has a output of 100 to 400Hz on 3 Phases and gets controlled by the Breakout Board.

Wie Spanne ich ein Werkzeug richtig ein

Wahl der richtigen Spannzange

Der Spannzangensatz ist zwischen 1mm und 7mm auf 0.5mm gestuft. Stimmt der Nenndurchmesser des Schafts mit dem Nenndurchmesser ein Zange überein, dann nimmt man die. Für Zwischenwerte die nächst größere Spannzange. Für 1/8-Zoll-Schäfte sind eigene Zangen vorhanden, für 1/4-Zoll leider nur die 6,5er-Zange Der kleinste Schaft, den ich mich in die 1mm-Zange spannen traue ist 0.7mm

Überwurfmutter

Wie auch bei der Kress-Spannzange ist als erstes die Spannzange in die Spindelmutter (Überwurfmutter) einzurasten. Die Zange sitzt richtig, wenn ihr Aussenende (nahezu) plan zur Mutter ist (auch nach dem Aufschrauben auf die Spindel prüfen, bevor man fest anzieht). (Bei genauer Betrachtung der Mutter fällt auf, dass der Bund, der in den Einstich der Spannzange einrastet exzentrisch zur Achse der Mutter ist. Das ist Absicht und erleichtert das Einrasten.)

Einbau des Werkzeuges

Das Werkzeug in die Spannzange (in der Mutter) einstecken Manche Fräser haben eine Flachstelle am Schaft. Die Enden der Spannzange sollten nicht in diesem Loch zu liegen kommen, da sonst die Zange asymmetrisch spannt und eventuell beschädigt wird. (Das innere Ende Spannfläche muss nicht das Ende des gesamten Körpers sein, manche Zangen sind abgesetzt) Bis 7mm ist es möglich, den Werkzeugschaft durch die Zange in die Spindel zu stecken. Bei der 8er-Zange geht das nicht!

Montage des Werkzeuges

Die Zange mit dem Werkzeug in die Spindel einsetzen und Mutter aufschrauben Da die Zange im offenen Zustand, speziell bei Bohrern, die etwas kleineren Schaftdurchmesser haben, das Werkzeug nicht halten kann, folgen die Werkzeuge gern der Schwerkraft. Man braucht einen 13er-Schlüssel für die Spindelachse, einen 17er für die Mutter und eine 3. Hand, um das Schneidwerkzeug zu halten. Oder doch nicht? Wenn man die Y-Achse und Z-Achse geschickt positioniert, kann man den 13er auf die Schleppkette auflegen und gegen das Portal lehnen. Alternativ kann man einen Holzblock unter das Werkzeug stellen. Es schadet generell nicht, bei offenem Arbeitsraum-Boden (so wie jetzt wo ich oft werkel) eine Holzplatte unter der Spindel am Boden aufzulegen, falls das Werkzeug doch "abpascht" (beim Ausspannen!).

die Mutter anziehen

Wie oben erwähnt jetzt noch mal den richtigen Sitz der Zange prüfen! Das Gewinde der Mechatron-Spindel ist sehr fein, daher erzeugt es schon bei mäßigem Drehmoment recht hohe Axialkräfte, die letztendlich die Zange schließen. Das erzeugt Radialkräft auf den Werkzeugschaft, die über Reibung das Werkzeug halten. Wie wir alle wissen, ist die Flächenpressung, die ein Werkstoff erträgt begrenzt und gleich Kraft durch Fläche. Die Pressfläche ist bei kleinen Zangen viel kleiner als bei großen, daher speziell diese mit Gefühl anziehen. Wenn alle Spiele aus der Anordnung verschwunden sind, gibt es einen Punkt, wo das Anziehen "hart" wird. Über diesen Punkt hinaus sollte man nicht gehen.

Aus- und Einbau der T-Nut Platten

Sollte jemand die T-Nutplatten aus arbeitstechnischen Gründen entfernen müssen, dann bitte folgendes beachten:

a) hinter der hintersten T-Nutplatte sind auf dem Rahmen links und rechts jeweils ein Nutenstein mit Wurmschraube und einer Zylinderkopfschraube fix montiert. Beim Wiedereinbau die erste T-Nutplatten vorsichtig an diese Köpfe anschieben. die folgenden beinde jeweils spaltfrei anschschließen. Bitte die Platten nicht verdrehen. Aktuell ist auf der linken Seite duch die Bohrungsmittelpunkte ein schwarzer Strich gehend.

b) Damit die T-Nutplatten lange leben und eine glatte Oberfläche behalten, bitte bei Durchfräsungen bzw. Durchbohrungen durch Euer Werkstück eine entsprechende Opferplatte dawischen einspannen. Falls jemand nicht genau wissen sollte, was damit gemeint ist bzw. wie so etwas eingespannt werden soll, bitte unbedingt vorher auf der CNC-Mailingliste nachfragen.

c) sollte als Opferplatte irgendein dickeres Material (MDF, Kunststoff etc.) verwendet werden um sein Werstück mit Spax-Schrauben niederzuspannen, dann bitte die Schraubenlänge so wählen, daß die Schraube die T-Nutplatte NICHT erreicht !!! Daher bitte lieber vorher 10 Sekunden nachdenken, sonst erreicht Euch die Strafe der Werkstättengeister.

  • mutwilliges Hirnabschalten ---> Ersatz für Schaden (Material + Zeitaufwand) + 1 Jahr HM + WEL wöchentlich aufräumen
  • nicht mutwilliges Hirnabschalten --> Ersatz für Schaden (Material + Zeitaufwand) und 1 Jahr HM wöchentlich aufräumen


GCode

See also this Page for more GCodes: CNC/GCode‎


Example Gcode Header for Geilomat:

; A secicolon starts a comment
(Lines inside brackets are comments too)
G21      ; use mm
G90      ; absolute coordinates
G92.1    ; cancel offset coordinate system and set values to zero
G54      ; use G54 coordinate system
G40      ; turn radius compensation off
G17      ; choose x,y plane
G80      ; Cancel Motion Modes (e.g. active canned cycles)
G94      ; movement speed is in units per minute (hence mm/min)
G49      ; turn cutter legth compensation off
; It is always a good idea to go to a known safe location to run the warmup
G0 Z10   ; Go to saftyplane, usually you define the highest part of your workpiece as Z=0
; Spindle Warmup Sequence
M3       ; turn on spindle
S6000    ; 6000 min-1 spindle speed
G4 P120  ; wait 2 minutes until spindle is warm
S12000   ; add another 6000min-1
G4 P120  ; again two minute wait
; repeat steps above (S and G4) until target speed is reached

F500     ; 500mm/minutes movement speed

; your program starts here... now you can do things like
G0 X0 Y0 ; go to your 0,0 point rapidly
G4 P0    ; Dwell for no time, to force linuxcnc to be on this point exactly
G1 Z0    ; go to Z0 with 500mm/min (as set with F command)

; the tail
G0 Z10   ; retract from workplane - safty plane
M30      ; end program

Parameters for typical jobs

Milling aluminium - the right parameters are key to sucess.

Please note that these Values are produced under different circumstances - like how many "Schneiden" a mill has or what kind of mill you are using! Please use also "Drehzahlrechner" for looking up proper values.

Please be aware that, like with the lasercutter, not every material can be cut and for each material you have certain parameters. These parameters are in the first place a result of the tool you use but also depends on chemical and mechanical compound of the material you need to cut. For example there are a lot of aluminium types, like AlMgSiPb or AlCuBiPb which is very good for milling and also pure Al99,5 which is very very bad for milling!!! This counts for all types of material, also for wood! e.g. MDF has very different cutting parameters than birch wood...

Material Head Diameter mm Cutting Depth mm (a_p) Sidewards depth in % of diameter (a_e) Spindle Speed Feed Rate mm/min Comment
MDF 6mm Z2 3 100% 18000 Feed 2000, Plunge 300 Absaugen! Das Zeug ist ziemlich fein und nicht gut für die Lunge... --Reox (Diskussion) 11:46, 9. Jan. 2016 (CET)
Wood 3 5 50% 12000-14000 >300 guessed proposal
Wood 0.8 4 100% 12000-14000 ~250 guessed proposal
Wood 3 0.8 50% 12000 600 looked good, material was plywood 8mm
Wood (Leimholz Fichte) 6mmZ3 2 100% 23000 1000 Works fine, also tested 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mm
Wood (Leimholz Fichte) 6mmZ3 6 1mm 23000 1000 Für Kanten, Stege auf der Holzplatte brechen aus (Achtung)
Aluminium 6 0.25 6mm 10000 1100 Vierschneider, schleppender Schnitt - no external cooling
Aluminium 6 0.25 6mm 10000 650 Zweischneider, schleppend und ziehender schnitt - no external cooling
Aluminium 4 0.25 6mm 14000 850 Dreischneider, Wassergekühlt, leicht raue Oberfläche
Brass (Messing) 2 0.25 50% 24000 960 Zweischneider - no external cooling
PCB engrave 0.1-0.3 30deg 0.3 0.035 12000 1000 tested in epoxy-pcb
PCB drill 0.9 -2.5 0.5 14000 400 tested in epoxy-pcb
PCB milling 0.5 0.035 (isolate) 0.25 (mill) 100% 22000 400 tested in FR4
Plexiglass Front door engrave 0.1 30deg? 1 10000 20 Plunge 20, toolsize cambam 0.3
Plexiglass egg 1.5 30deg? 0.5 14000 100 Plunge 30, toolsize cambam 1.5 : 4mm thick plexiglass 400x300
Plexiglas Portrait 0.1 30deg? 4 10000 ? 0.3mm raster, Custom tool to convert from image to gcode
Acryl 6 0.5 5mm 6240 1400 Zweischneider, no external cooling - there are two types of Acryl: XT and GS. Use GS for Milling!

Warning

Do not use a too low feed-rate!! The cutting region of the milling head is microscopically round. If the "Spanbreite", the thickness of the removed material, is lower that this radius, most material is compressed and only cut if the compression force is to large. This results in dramatic friction and hence only heats up the milling head. The thought "Oh, the cutter is getting too hot, I can see burning marks in the side of the wood, I have to reduce the movement speed" is deadly!!! You can decrease the spindle speed, and increase the movement speed.

The Heat produced while cutting depends on the friction. A second part is proportional to the volume of material that is removed. Half the milling depth, half the heating! 25% sidewards instead of 50% sidewards cutting=half the heating.

Mill heads can break if the sidewards force is too large. So for tiny things, the feed rate together with the spindle speed and the cutting depth should be reduced.

Pocketing plexiglass

  • Choose engraving bit according to pocket size.
  • Be careful with CutIncrement (1mm is ok).
  • Be aware that plexiglass melts, so it's important to use cooling.
  • For bigger pocket operations, the vacuum cleaner has a certain cooling effect.
  • Air pressure and water cooling was necessary for the front door window engraving.


Cutting GFK (glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff)

(Acquirable at http://www.der-schweighofer.at/artikel/77271/gfk_platte_300x135x1.5mm)

The following values work fine for cutting 1,5mm thick GFK.

  • Plunge Feed-rate: 100
  • Cut Feed-rate: 1500
  • Depth Increment: 0,8mm
  • Feed override: 75%

Aluminium

Maximum Millheadsize should be 4mm on our Machine! We sucessfully tested a_p = 0.25mm with 6mm head - with and without cooling (cooling done by isopropanol)

Spanabfuhr is quite a problem and our machine is not as stiff as we would like to have it for milling aluminium. so larger a_p would not work because the millhead will be bend to much.

Better use smaller diameter of cutter and higher spindle speed + feed rate.

MDF

MDF is a very nice working material. It is quite stable and can be easily milled. Also varnish looks great on it.

But milling MDF has some pitfalls:

  • MDF tends to frezzle, if the facings are removed. Reportedly, a very sharp wood plunge mill will reduce the amout of frezzle, use one with 15 degree of spiral angle or less
  • The dust of MDF is toxic. Use a vacuum (and respirator)!
  • Do not use to slow feed rate! MDF will burn easily.

24000 rpms are probably better, but at this speed the spindle makes a lot of noise. So i decided to use 18000 rpm, which worked quite well. Probably the feedrate could be higher with 24k, but the machine is already in the "orange" zone with 2000 mm/min.

Cutting Speed

or in German "Schnittgeschwindigkeit" is depended on workpiece material, cutter material, cooling, method of milling and many others. The values listed below are just reference values! For a specific project you need to find out your parameters by reading datasheets or even test cuts in the material. If you need to do test cuts, start with the lowest possible value. But do not start to low because the "Spanbreite" needs to be larger than the blade edge radius.

Material Cutter Cooling Cutting Speed Feed Rate per Tooth Comment
Wood VHM No up to 3000 ??? Tested with
Aluminium (9-13% Si) VHM 300 0.06 From "Praxis der Zerspantechnik"


From Variable Description Beschreibung Unit Formular
milling cutter Cutter diameter Fräserdurchmesser
Number of Teeth Anzahl der Schneiden
material specific Feed per Teeth Vorschub pro Schneide
Cutting Speed Schnittgeschwindigkeit
calculated Feed Rate Forward Vorschub
Revolutions Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit
defined by process and
maximum load of machine
Infeed Tiefenzustellung
Sidewards Feed Seitenzustellung
for time considerations Material Removal Rate Zeitspanvolumen

These values are connected to each other. There are two main formulars to calculate and . To have cutting speed in m/min instead of mm/min you need to divide by 1000. A third formular gives you an estimation how much cm³ you can remove per minute, called .

Typically you choose a specific milling cutter for the job and lookup the values for the material. The process parameter are bound by the maximum load the machine can handle (See for example Why can't I mill steel in the CNC?) and of course by the workpiece you want to produce.

The cutting speed in the datasheet of a cutter is often calculated for a service time ("Standzeit") of 1 hour. That means if you mill with the exact parameters that are posted in the datasheet, the cutter will be unuseable after about one hour.

How to

CamBam Mini HowTo

Werte die man bei CamBam beim erstellen eines 2.5D oder Pocket Operation beachten muss

Sehr wichtige Parameter

  • CutIncrement - Wie tief geht die fraese in einem schritt
  • TargetDepth - Wie tief soll er insgesammt gehen. Die operation wird dann in TargetDepth/cutIncrement unterschritte zerlegt. ACHTUNG dieser wert muss negativ sein damit die fraese rein fraest.
  • CutFeedrate Wie schnell wird horizontal gefraest (mm/sec)
  • PlungeFeedrate Wie schnell wird in das Material hineingetaucht (mm/sec)
  • ToolDiameter Durchmesser des Fraeskopfes damit CamBam die pfade so berechnen kann dass nach dem fraesen die gewuenschte form entsteht

Weitere Parameter

  • InsideOutside Falls man die Outline verkehrt herum geyeichnet hat kann man mit dieser option innen und aussen umdrehen (einfach mal ausprobieren)

Related Pages

Subpages:

Formeln zum Berechnen von Zustellung, Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit usw.

Technical Details

See this other Page for even more technical things: CNC Mill Technical Stuff

A CNC mill like the dear Geil-O-Mat has three axis that can be moved independently. A spindle with a mill cutter typically removes material.

Some pink work in progress...

Each axis is driven by one (Y and Z) or two (X) stepper motors. Basically, theses motors can only rotate in 1.8 degree steps, and hence no secondary encoder is needed for the machine knowing its current location. By a trick called "microstepping", currently the resolution is increased to 1/8 of 1.8 degrees. As the stepper leads in to a "Zwillings-Trapezgewindespindel", the rotation is transformed into linear motion, one revolution= 6mm. Warning: If there is too much force for the motor to move one step, it skips the step, typically failing also in subsequent movements, resulting in an ugly noise, and shift in the positioning.

The motors are connected to a driver device, which sits on top of the whole machine. It creates the strong currents for the stepper drivers, out of signals from the PCs parallel port.

Hence, the computer has to send signals telling which axis should move one step forward or backward at a given instance. This can/is done by a software called "LinuxCNC". It is open source, and the thread doing this parallel port communications is using the patched real time Linux-kernel.

There are some GUIs for LinuxCNC, the most relevant is "AXIS", which graphically displays the current machine position, the paths it should travel the track history, and further stuff. Also manual movement can be performed.

The language to specify the movement of the machine is called "GCODE". Some of its statements are starting with G01,or G00, hence the name. A simple Gcode can look like this:

; i am a comment
F100; move with 100mm/min while cutting
G0 Z10; fast move to Z-coordinate 10
G1 Z0; drill down until Z=0 with the speed given by the Feedrate
G1 X10; move to the new location X10 while cutting
G0 Z10; and back up with large speed.
M30; end program

One can do a lot of things, e.g. have variables (#1=10), and do loops , evaluate mathematical expressions (G1 Z[#1*2] ). So basically, real hackers write gcode by hand, while Chuck Norris sends movement commands to the steppers. However, as we are all lacy, and things can get quite complicated, there exists software to convert 3d/2d CAD files, grayscale depthmap images, 3d-stl objects and other things into Gode. This is often called "CAM"-Software.

If you have a 2d-cad file (e.g. dxf) and specify depths for some areas that should be milled away, one speaks of 2.5D-CAM. This is performed e.g. by CamBam, or Camexpert.

The biggest trouble is the radius compensation of the milling heads. You always have to cut on a path half a diameter outside of the actual position. For this, there are various workflows. In Gcode, one can tell specify if one wants to cut left, right or directly on the actual path. This is called cutter radius compensations. Its a pain in the ass. Hence, often one uses no such thing, but either draws directly the offsetted lines in CAD, or has some software like cambam, which does this compensation and outputs already compensated "paths". The drawback of both methods is that one can not change the diameter of the cutter without recreating the gcode.

In the Gcode compensation, a "tool table" can be used. Each cutter is index by a number, and in the table the diameters and other things are specified. The other variant is to define the radius compensation directly. For our CNC machine a tool table is not useful, but on machines which have automated tool changer it can store all offsets and positions in the tool changer.

The current machine's state is given by a coordinate triple, and some states (emergency swich, spindle speed, ...). The machine coordinate system is defined by the now automated homing routine. Thereafter, one can move the machine to a location, and "touch off", giving explicit coordinates for this location. Thereby the working coordinate system is defined. This is also the system displayed in Axis, However, in the background, the machine still works in the home-coordinate system for checking its movement limits. Clever!

CNC PC

On the CNC PC runs a Ubuntu version with a realtime kernel and 2.6 LinuxCNC. Because the dependecies for linuxcnc are really messed up, please do not try to update the PC! --Reox 14:36, 31. Aug. 2013 (CEST)

  • The PC has a Backup Harddisk, which contains a complete working system image for system restore.
  • The linuxcnc config folder (/home/cnc/linuxcnc/config) is a git repo, so please commit your changes if you changed something on the config.
  • Better: If you want to try new settings copy the Geilomat config and create your own - the Geilomat setup should be sufficant for everyone, so you need good reason to change it
  • The PC has APIC disabled, because of realtime kernel jitter reasons. so if you power it down, you need to press the power button after the system says "system halted"

If you ever need to set up from scratch, here is the LinuxCNC config (which should be all you need to run the system): https://github.com/Metalab/linuxcnc_config