CNC-Fräse

Maschinen

3D-Scanner - CNC-Fräse - Laser - Reflow Oven - 3DPrinter (Prusa Mk3S, Prusa Mini) - Vinylplotter - Schweißinverter -Tischbohrmaschine - Drehbank - Ultraschallreiniger - Nähmaschinen

Language:	English

For projects results of this machine, please visit http://geilomat.soup.io/

WARNING: Do not use this machine if you did not had a previous introduction to the workflow. It is quite complex and working with this device can be easily result in a visit to the hospital...

Ask on our Mailinglist for help: https://lists.metalab.at/mailman/listinfo/cnc

Introduction

A CNC mill like the dear Geil-O-Mat has three axis that can be moved independently. A spindle with a mill cutter typically removes material.

Some pink work in progress...

Each axis is driven by one (Y and Z) or two (X) stepper motors. Basically, theses motors can only rotate in 1.8 degree steps, and hence no secondary encoder is needed for the machine knowing its current location. By a trick called "microstepping", currently the resolution is increased to 1/8 of 1.8 degrees. As the stepper leads in to a "Zwillings-Trapezgewindespindel", the rotation is transformed into linear motion, one revolution= 6mm. Warning: If there is too much force for the motor to move one step, it skips the step, typically failing also in subsequent movements, resulting in an ugly noise, and shift in the positioning.

The motors are connected to a driver device, which sits on top of the whole machine. It creates the strong currents for the stepper drivers, out of signals from the PCs parallel port.

Hence, the computer has to send signals telling which axis should move one step forward or backward at a given instance. This can/is done by a software called "EMC". It is open source, and the thread doing this parallel port communications is using the patched real time Linux-kernel.

There are some GUIs for EMC, the most relevant is "AXIS", which graphically displays the current machine position, the paths it should travel the track history, and further stuff. Also manual movement can be performed.

The language to specify the movement of the machine is called "GCODE". Some of its statements are starting with G01,or G00, hence the name. A simple Gcode can look like this:

; i am a comment
F100; move with 100mm/min while cutting
G0 Z10; fast move to Z-coordinate 10
G1 Z0; drill down until Z=0 with the speed given by the Feedrate
G1 X10; move to the new location X10 while cutting
G0 Z10; and back up with large speed.
M30; end program

One can do a lot of things, e.g. have variables (#1=10), and do loops , evaluate mathematical expressions (G1 Z[#1*2] ). So basically, real hackers write gcode by hand, while Chuck Norris sends movement commands to the steppers. However, as we are all lacy, and things can get quite complicated, there exists software to convert 3d/2d CAD files, grayscale depthmap images, 3d-stl objects and other things into Gode. This is often called "CAM"-Software.

If you have a 2d-cad file (e.g. dxf) and specify depths for some areas that should be milled away, one speaks of 2.5D-CAM. This is performed e.g. by CamBam, or Camexpert.

The biggest trouble is the radius compensation of the milling heads. You always have to cut on a path half a diameter outside of the actual position. For this, there are various workflows. In Gcode, one can tell specify if one wants to cut left, right or directly on the actual path. This is called cutter radius compensations. Its a pain in the ass. Hence, often one uses no such thing, but either draws directly the offsetted lines in CAD, or has some software like cambam, which does this compensation and outputs already compensated "paths". The drawback of both methods is that one can not change the diameter of the cutter without recreating the gcode.

In the Gcode compensation, a "tool table" is used. Each cutter is index by a number, and in the table the diameters and other things are specified.

The current machine's state is given by a coordinate triple, and some states (emergency swich, spindle speed, ...). The machine coordinate system is defined by the now automated homing routine. Thereafter, one can move the machine to a location, and "touch off", giving explicit coordinates for this location. Thereby the working coordinate system is defined. This is also the system displayed in Axis, However, in the background, the machine still works in the home-coordinate system for checking its movement limits. Clever!

Nomenclature

Or the what is which device:

• CNC PC: a Linux machine running the LinuxCNC Software and sends out commands via Parallel Port
• G4: a old Apple G4 Case holding the stepper drivers
• Stepper Driver: Each stepper driver controls one stepper. There are 5 Stepper Driver in the G4: 2x X, 1x Y, 1x Z, 1x A (currently unused)
• Breakout Board: Is used to "convert" the parallel commands to a different protocol that the stepper drivers are using. Also has a VFD Port to control the Frequenconverter
• FU/Frequenzumrichter/Frequencyconverter: This Box controls the Spindle. It has a output of 100 to 400Hz on 3 Phases and gets controlled by the Breakout Board.

Wie Spanne ich ein Werkzeug richtig ein

Wahl der richtigen Spannzange

Der Spannzangensatz ist zwischen 1mm und 7mm auf 0.5mm gestuft. Stimmt der Nenndurchmesser des Schafts mit dem Nenndurchmesser ein Zange überein, dann nimmt man die. Für Zwischenwerte die nächst größere Spannzange. Für 1/8-Zoll-Schäfte sind eigene Zangen vorhanden, für 1/4-Zoll leider nur die 6,5er-Zange Der kleinste Schaft, den ich mich in die 1mm-Zange spannen traue ist 0.7mm

Überwurfmutter

Wie auch bei der Kress-Spannzange ist als erstes die Spannzange in die Spindelmutter (Überwurfmutter) einzurasten. Die Zange sitzt richtig, wenn ihr Aussenende (nahezu) plan zur Mutter ist (auch nach dem Aufschrauben auf die Spindel prüfen, bevor man fest anzieht). (Bei genauer Betrachtung der Mutter fällt auf, dass der Bund, der in den Einstich der Spannzange einrastet exzentrisch zur Achse der Mutter ist. Das ist Absicht und erleichtert das Einrasten.)

Einbau des Werkzeuges

Das Werkzeug in die Spannzange (in der Mutter) einstecken Manche Fräser haben eine Flachstelle am Schaft. Die Enden der Spannzange sollten nicht in diesem Loch zu liegen kommen, da sonst die Zange asymmetrisch spannt und eventuell beschädigt wird. (Das innere Ende Spannfläche muss nicht das Ende des gesamten Körpers sein, manche Zangen sind abgesetzt) Bis 7mm ist es möglich, den Werkzeugschaft durch die Zange in die Spindel zu stecken. Bei der 8er-Zange geht das nicht!

Montage des Werkzeuges

Die Zange mit dem Werkzeug in die Spindel einsetzen und Mutter aufschrauben Da die Zange im offenen Zustand, speziell bei Bohrern, die etwas kleineren Schaftdurchmesser haben, das Werkzeug nicht halten kann, folgen die Werkzeuge gern der Schwerkraft. Man braucht einen 13er-Schlüssel für die Spindelachse, einen 17er für die Mutter und eine 3. Hand, um das Schneidwerkzeug zu halten. Oder doch nicht? Wenn man die Y-Achse und Z-Achse geschickt positioniert, kann man den 13er auf die Schleppkette auflegen und gegen das Portal lehnen. Alternativ kann man einen Holzblock unter das Werkzeug stellen. Es schadet generell nicht, bei offenem Arbeitsraum-Boden (so wie jetzt wo ich oft werkel) eine Holzplatte unter der Spindel am Boden aufzulegen, falls das Werkzeug doch "abpascht" (beim Ausspannen!).

die Mutter anziehen

Wie oben erwähnt jetzt noch mal den richtigen Sitz der Zange prüfen! Das Gewinde der Mechatron-Spindel ist sehr fein, daher erzeugt es schon bei mäßigem Drehmoment recht hohe Axialkräfte, die letztendlich die Zange schließen. Das erzeugt Radialkräft auf den Werkzeugschaft, die über Reibung das Werkzeug halten. Wie wir alle wissen, ist die Flächenpressung, die ein Werkstoff erträgt begrenzt und gleich Kraft durch Fläche. Die Pressfläche ist bei kleinen Zangen viel kleiner als bei großen, daher speziell diese mit Gefühl anziehen. Wenn alle Spiele aus der Anordnung verschwunden sind, gibt es einen Punkt, wo das Anziehen "hart" wird. Über diesen Punkt hinaus sollte man nicht gehen.

Standard Procedure

Warning Sign which is now implemented in the geilomat

There are some important steps to take, otherwise you can destroy everything - even the earth... If you don't switch on the things in this particular order it can happen that the machine does things out of nowhere e.g. moves or turns on the spindle!!!

• Start CNC PC (dont turn on the G4 (The "G4 Case" stepper control thing), neither the FU)
• Start LinuxCNC
• Check if the "Notaus" is physically triggered on the machine (Button is pressed)
• Now power on the G4
• Now plug in the FU ("Frequenzumformer")
  • Wait until the FU is booted
  • Check if 100.0 Hz is set on the screen of the FU
    • Otherwise rotate the rotary encoder that it is 100.0Hz
• Now remove "Notaus" from the CNC
• Power on the Machine inside LinuxCNC
• Move near Homing position
• Home the machine
• Warm up the Spindle as described here in the wiki

Now the machine is ready to use.

For milling the spindle needs to be warm. The manual says that you should first let the spindle run for about 1 minute on 6000rpm, then increment by 6000rpm for 1 minute until you reached your destination speed. If the spindle wasn't used for longer than one week, you should double that time. So better is to let it run for two minutes on each speed.

There is a sample code in the Reference Section.

Current Status

• Max-Movement speed is approx 2000 mm/min.
• Homeing procedure in EMC is functional, and by that also soft-limits. Its now "nearly" impossible to move over some limits. Start EMC, turn machine on with f1/f2, press "home all", wait 30 sec. Than traverse to the wished zero of your working coordinate system, and touch off in all three axes.
• The Spindle, aka the Mechatron, is switched on/off automatically.
• Spindle speed must be set to a value between 6000 and 24000. Use GCode like M3 S6000
  • The Spindle needs some warmup before running. Manual says One minute on 6000rpm, then increase in steps of 6000 until the whished speed is reached. stay for one minute on each level. If the spindle is very cold and has not run about a week double the times!

• Double sided boards kind of work, although its a bit tricky: PCB_CNC

• The Historical Documents were moved here: History of the famous Geil-o-mat, formerly known as CNC
• The Whistlist, Todo stuff is now here: Future of Geil-o-mat

Reference

a usefull preamble for this mill:

M3     ; starts spindl clockwise (looking from above down)
S6000  ; 6000 min-1
G4 P60 ; wait for 60 seconds
S12000 ; 12000 min-1 until the whished speed is reached
G4 P60
F950   ; xyz feedrate 950 mm/min
G90 
G21 

Gcode reference

Cheat Sheat

Ersetzen Gcode-Zeilennummern im Texteditor Kate replace "N[0-9]* " by "" using regular expression.

Example Gcode Header for Geilomat:

G21     ; mm
G90     ; absolute coordinates
G0 Z10 
G0 X0 Y0
F500    ; 500mm/minutes movement speed
M7      ; staubsauger an
M3      ; fraeser einschalten
S6000   ; Drehzahl auf 6000 min-1 einstellen
G4 P120 ; 2min warten bis motor warm ist
S12000  ; Drehzahl erhöhen
G4 P60  ; 1min warten.
(immer um 6000 erhöhen bis die Drehzahl erreicht wurde)

Typical gcode Tail:

; the tail
G0 Z10  ; retract from workplane - safty plane
M30 ; end program

Parameters for typical jobs

Please note that these Values are produced under different circumstances - like how many "Schneiden" a mill has or what kind of mill you are using! Please use also "Drehzahlrechner" for looking up proper values.

Material	Head Diameter mm	Cutting Depth mm (a_p)	Sidewards depth in % of diameter (a_e)	Spindle Speed	Feed Rate mm/min	Comment
MDF	8	2	?	12000	30	MDF is usually too thick to be milled with our normal milling heads, so we're using a bigger (8mm diameter) end mill. Plunge 10.
Wood	3	5	50%	12000-14000	>300	guessed proposal
Wood	0.8	4	100%	12000-14000	~250	guessed proposal
Aluminium	3	1	50%	6000	300	guessed proposal with cooling
Aluminium	10	10	20%	7990	3000	on an industrial machine, for comparison
Aluminium	6	0.25	6mm	10000	1100	Vierschneider, schleppender Schnitt - no external cooling
Aluminium	6	0.25	6mm	10000	650	Zweischneider, schleppend und ziehender schnitt - no external cooling
PCB engrave	0.1-0.3 30deg	0.3		12000	1000	tested in epoxy-pcb
PCB drill	0.9	-2.5		14000	400	tested in epoxy-pcb
Plexiglass Front door engrave	0.1 30deg?	1		10000	20	Plunge 20, toolsize cambam 0.3
Plexiglass egg	1.5 30deg?	0.5		14000	100	Plunge 30, toolsize cambam 1.5 : 4mm thick plexiglass 400x300
Plexiglas Portrait	0.1 30deg?	4		10000	?	0.3mm raster, Custom tool to convert from image to gcode

Warning:
Do not use a too low feed-rate!! 
The cutting region of the milling head is microscopically round. 
If the "Spanbreite", the thickness of the removed material, is lower that this radius, 
most material is compressed and only cut if the compression force is to large. 
This results in dramatic friction and hence only heats up the milling head. 
The thought "Oh, the cutter is getting too hot, I can see burning marks in the side of the wood, I
have to  reduce the movement speed" is deadly!!! You can decrease the spindle speed, and increase the movement speed.

The Heat produced while cutting depends on the friction. A second part is proportional to the volume of material that is removed. 
Half the milling depth, half the heating! 25% sidewards instead of 50% sidewards cutting=half the heating.

Mill heads can break if the sidewards force is too large. So for tiny things, 
the feed rate together with the spindle speed and the cutting depth should be reduced.

Pocketing plexiglass:

• Choose engraving bit according to pocket size.
• Be careful with CutIncrement (1mm is ok).
• Be aware that plexiglass melts, so it's important to use cooling.
• For bigger pocket operations, the vacuum cleaner has a certain cooling effect.
• Air pressure and water cooling was necessary for the front door window engraving.

Cutting GFK (glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff):

(Acquirable at http://www.der-schweighofer.at/artikel/77271/gfk_platte_300x135x1.5mm)

The following values work fine for cutting 1,5mm thick GFK.

• Plunge Feed-rate: 100
• Cut Feed-rate: 1500
• Depth Increment: 0,8mm
• Feed override: 75%

How to

CamBam Mini HowTo

Werte die man bei CamBam beim erstellen eines 2.5D oder Pocket Operation beachten muss

Sehr wichtige Parameter

• CutIncrement - Wie tief geht die fraese in einem schritt
• TargetDepth - Wie tief soll er insgesammt gehen. Die operation wird dann in TargetDepth/cutIncrement unterschritte zerlegt. ACHTUNG dieser wert muss negativ sein damit die fraese rein fraest.
• CutFeedrate Wie schnell wird horizontal gefraest (mm/sec)
• PlungeFeedrate Wie schnell wird in das Material hineingetaucht (mm/sec)
• ToolDiameter Durchmesser des Fraeskopfes damit CamBam die pfade so berechnen kann dass nach dem fraesen die gewuenschte form entsteht

Weitere Parameter

• InsideOutside Falls man die Outline verkehrt herum geyeichnet hat kann man mit dieser option innen und aussen umdrehen (einfach mal ausprobieren)

Drilling and cutting PCB's (epoxy)

PCB_CNC

Maximum Millheadsize should be 6mm on our Machine! We sucessfully tested a_p = 0.25mm with 6mm head - with and without cooling (cooling done by isopropanol)

Spanabfuhr is quite a problem and our machine is not as stiff as we would like to have it for milling aluminium. so larger a_p would not work because the millhead will be bend to much.

Toolchain

CamBam

CamBam is at the moment the tool of choice for defining operations, tool path generation and gcode export. To a certain degree, it's also possible to use CamBam for design as well.

Note! CamBam is neither Free Software or freeware, but commercial software with a 40-time use evaluation license.

CamBam can import DXF.

Camexpert

Having a dxf done with all the cutting paths, camexpert can export gcode. Manual editing of the gocde is although necessary. Learning curve is not as steep as with cambam.

Design Tools

• Inkscape: Produces SVG and has export options for EPS and DXF.
• Adobe Illustrator: .ai files can usually be read by Postscript/PDF software and be exported as EPS.
• OmniGraffle: Can export EPS
• Mentor Graphics:
• Eagle:
• QCAD

Fileformats -> CamBam

• SVG: Inkscape
• EPS: pstoedit -f dxf <infile.eps> <outfile.dxf> (http://www.pstoedit.net/pstoedit)

Verwandte Seiten

CNC - Software Infos und so..

Formeln zum Berechnen von Zustellung, Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit usw.

• Was Sie über Werkzeuge wissen sollten
• Wikipedia
• Onlineberechnungen
• Drehzahlrechner
• noch ein Drehzahlrechner
• yet another Drehzahlrechner

Falls sich jemand mit der Anwendung der Formeln auskennt bitte melden. Weiters gesucht das Buch "Der Werkstatthelfer".

Debugging Checklist

• Damit die Limit Switches funktionieren, muss der Druckerport im BIOS auf ECC+EPP gestellt sein. Ansonsten sind die Relevanten Eingangs-Pins kommentarlos nicht einlesbar.
  • Wenn man Limits in EMC ausgelöst hat, hilft ein "override limits häckchen", ein einschalten (F1/F2), und ein wegfahren in die entsprechende richtung (Cursortasten und Page up/down)
• Wenn man die Fräse einrichten muss, sind wichtige Hinweise hier gesammelt: Benutzer:Reox/CNC --Reox 18:10, 4. Jul. 2013 (CEST)

CNC PC

On the CNC PC runs a Ubuntu version with a realtime kernel and 2.6 LinuxCNC. Because the dependecies for linuxcnc are really messed up, please do not try to update the PC! --Reox 14:36, 31. Aug. 2013 (CEST)

• The PC has a Backup Harddisk, which contains a complete working system image for system restore.
• The linuxcnc config folder (/home/cnc/linuxcnc/config) is a git repo, so please commit your changes if you changed something on the config.
• Better: If you want to try new settings copy the Geilomat config and create your own - the Geilomat setup should be sufficant for everyone, so you need good reason to change it
• The PC has APIC disabled, because of realtime kernel jitter reasons. so if you power it down, you need to press the power button after the system says "system halted"

Syntax Highlighting in Kate/Kwrite

in "~/.kde/share/apps/katepart/syntax" put Datei:Gcode.xml.txt without the txt extension.